Water Archives

Activated Granular Carbon

by Robert Domanko | Oct 13, 2020 | Water | 0 comments

Activated Granular Carbon: An Ancient Filtration System

Activated granular carbon is more than just a filtration system: it’s an ancient tradition. Activated carbon was used as far back as 1500BC when Egyptian doctors used it for medical purposes. Later, in World War One, the Allies used activated granular carbon in gas masks. Today, however, activated granular carbon is mostly used for water filtration systems.

How can we help to provide safe drinking water from tap?

Activated granular carbon filters are made from natural materials, usually consisting of coal and charcoal. Essentially, carbon is an extremely powerful absorbent, and a basic filter for large sized contaminents. Due to its porous properties, activated granular carbon is one of the most effective methods of removing organic materials. Activated carbon has limited filtering capability allowing some bateria and virus to pass through crushed activated carbon. Heavy metals, nitrates, and iron have different properties.

Activated carbon removes water bourne contaminants for two fundamental water cleansing processes. It enables as a catalyst as well as an absorption. The absorption uses the positively chared ion in the activated carbon t attract the negative ions of the organic contaminants. This is why there is a limited lifespan of activated carbon and become ineffective after a reasonable short period of time. The catalytic reduction aspect of the process reacts to naturally occurring chloramines, chlorine and other residual disinfectants

Activated granular carbon filtration systems work in two ways: adsorption and catalytic reduction. The absorption process is simple. Organic compounds are absorbed into the carbon filter, purifying the water. The higher the level of carbon, the better the filtration system works, and the fewer microns of water will slip through. Activated granular carbon can filter to as many as 20 microns or as few as 0.5 microns, so the effectiveness is dependent on the particular filtration system.

Lets try to reduce the pollution into our environment.

Any residual pollutants that aren’t removed by adsorption may be removed by catalytic reduction. The catalytic reduction can reduce or even remove residual disinfectants like chlorine. In simple terms, a chemical reaction occurs whereby electrons are transferred from the activated granular carbon surface to the residual disinfectant. In other words, the negatively-charged contaminant ions are attracted to the positively-charged activated carbon.

Just do you want to know how good it is as a filtration system? Fair enough. Activated granular carbon can reduce bad tastes and smells, and does improve the quality of the water. While it’s great for some things, but isn’t reliable as a primary home filtration system or travel water system.

Often, activated granular carbon is used as a pre-treatment before reverse osmosis filtration, effectively removing organic products, giardia, and cryptosporidium. Reverse osmosis involves pushing water under high pressure through a membrane to trap all the contaminants. Although it does effectively remove contaminants from the water, it does it almost too well, removing everything and often affecting the taste.
Although both activated granular carbon and reverse osmosis will provide access to clean drinking water, neither are perfect.

It is more reliable to go for a microfiltration system, like Sure Aqua. Unlike reverse osmosis, microfiltration is completely sustainable: no water is wasted, no electricity is expended and no chemicals are used.

Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

by Robert Domanko | Oct 7, 2020 | Water | 0 comments

Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

Chlorine dioxide is a powerful oxidizing agent. Although it is usually used for bleaching, it’s also sometimes used for water treatment.

In scientific terms, chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound: CIO2. Although chlorine dioxide is a compound and chlorine is a naturally occurring element, chloride is often less harmful chlorine than when used appropriately. More and more, chemical water treatment technology tends to favor using chlorine dioxide over chlorine and iodine.

Powerful Disinfectant, Potential Health Risk

When reacting with organic matter present in water, chlorine can create chloroform, which some argue is a carcinogen. Chlorine dioxide, however, cannot form chloroform and is known to be less irritating to the human body. When added to water, CIO2 doesn’t combine with organic matter at all, and so it doesn’t produce chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Without getting too complicated, the oxidizing agent in chlorine dioxide separates electrons from reactive molecules, effectively neutralizing bad tastes and odors when used for water treatment. As a strong bleaching agent, CIO2 works quickly to kill microorganisms, different bacteria, viruses, funguses, and spores.

There are many uses for chlorine dioxide. The primary use for chlorine dioxide is as a bleach in pulp and paper factories. However, it’s also used in ammonia plants, oil fields, the textile industry, and the electronic industry and is often applied to medical waste. Scarier still, CIO2 is beginning to be used in the food industry to disinfect fruit, vegetable, and poultry and food processing equipment.

Global deforestation contributes 11 % to global greenhouse emmissions

So, how do chlorine and chlorine dioxide compare? When used at temperatures above 11°C, carbon dioxide is approximately ten times more soluble than chlorine. It is safer for the human body as it doesn’t form THMs. When used for water treatment, chlorine dioxide is also more effective at removing cryptosporidium and giardia, the two most common parasites in water that cause diarrhea.

Unfortunately, the results aren’t all good. According to the Australian government’s Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population, and Communities, over-exposure to chlorine dioxide may irritate the nose and throat, coughing, chest pain, and eye sensitivity, especially around the light. Over-exposure to chlorine dioxide as gas can cause severe irritation to the lungs. According to the Australian government, too high exposure to CIO2 can cause pulmonary edema, a severe, life-threatening illness caused by fluid in the lungs.

After long-term, concentrated exposure to chlorine dioxide, one can develop acute bronchitis, shortness of breath, and permanent lung damage.

The maximum amount of chlorine dioxide in water should be 1mg to every 1L of water.

Although CIO2 is safe in small doses, why would you take the risk when there are so many other water treatment forms available? If in doubt, it is always safer to opt for water treatment that doesn’t rely on chemicals.

The long-term effects of chemical treatments on food and water are yet to be fully discovered. Whether safe or not, it’s always beneficial to opt for the most natural option, especially for something as vital and fundamental as water.

The World Health Organisation has a very informative guideline to help understand the impact and use of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Drinking-water. It is worth a read.

Water and Climate Change

by Robert Domanko | Sep 15, 2020 | Environment | 1 comment

Water and Climate Change

As stated recently, CBS news, there’s no more denying the facts of Climate Change . The world has experienced adverse and extreme weather conditions over the last few years. The year 2019 alone saw significant damages incurred, vital infrastructure destroyed, and sadly, lives lost.

The effects of Climate Change are continuously occurring and growing in intensity. Even more so, it has been found that Climate Change is rapidly worsening at a greater rate than initially anticipated. The past no longer seems fit to make predictions for the future as this phenomenon escalates on a global scale

Since temperature records started in 1880, 2019 was the second warmest year.

According to the Australian Government National Water Commission, there has been much doubt and disbelief surrounding the facts of Climate Change. Today the concept of Climate Change and the effects are thankfully more accepted amongst scientists, leaders, policy-makers, and the public.

Climate Change is something that has and can affect almost every aspect of the economy, environment, and community. The world is in a more vulnerable than ever position, posing unique challenges to human health and well being.

The impacts of climate change and all the natural disasters to come and have happened all will relate back to the water, from droughts to storms to floods. We have seen an increase in extreme rain events over the last 50 years that have greatly affected and will continue to affect the availability and quality of our water.

Global deforestation contributes 11 % to global greenhouse emmissions

What is climate and Climate Change?

To put it simply, the climate is the average of the weather over a period. Our climate is determined by temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. The weather is the short term representation of these elements . Climate Change is the change in weather patterns over a long term period.

Our ability to sustain our water systems and resources such as irrigation systems, and agriculture systems, stormwater systems, and water catchment systems depend on the climate. Climate Change can jeopardize the integrity of these systems and ultimately places our communities at economic and social risk.

What are the causes and consequences of Climate Change?

Climate Change is being caused by emission gases caught in the earth’s atmosphere. These are a combination of natural and man-made gases, called greenhouse gases.

The Sun’s heat is trapped by this layer of gases, or pollution, in the atmosphere, which causes the planet to warm up.

Over the years, our gas emissions have increased mainly through industrial activities, in turn increasing the effects of climate change.

Climate Change affects our water supplies explicitly through droughts and storm or heavy rainfall events.

These contrasting natural weather occurrences can lead to a lack of water, and on the other side of the leaf can provide an over-supply of water.

Droughts are caused when natural water resources dissipate due to increased evaporation caused by Climate Change. This, coupled with a decrease in precipitation occurring in the earth’s atmosphere, leads to drought. Droughts can lead to a decrease in water supplies, crop failures, famine in livestock, increases in food prices due to low supply of certain foods, and even death in humans, livestock, and wildlife.

At the same time, overall rainfall will increase as well as storm conditions. This may seem like it would cancel out the droughts? However, there is, unfortunately, such a thing as too much rainfall. In circumstances where there is torrential rainfall, the capacity of our sewer systems and waste-water treatment plants will overload. This will result in sewer overflows and stormwater run-offs. This means that our environment is subjected to more water pollution from pesticides, pathogens, and sediments, as discussed in the SureAqua article, ‘The Effects of Polluted Water.’

Changes in rainfall and water run-off primarily affect natural aquifer systems. Excess rainfall leads to more water running off the surface of the land rather than seeping into the ground where they would pass through natural aquifers. This facilitates the continuous ‘recharging’ of the aquifer. Instead, the water runs straight off into our water supplies, contaminating the water.

Shaping a Global Solution

It is clear that further Climate Change is inevitable . Harmful greenhouse gases are said to remain in the earth’s atmosphere for anywhere up to 300 years after they are emitted.

Therefore we shall be facing changes that we can neither stop nor control . The only option we have to reduce, reuse, recycle, and adapt to Climate Change.

Cryptosporidiosis

by Robert Domanko | Sep 10, 2020 | Water | 0 comments

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis is a common illness caused by contact with a single-celled parasite called cryptosporidium. Although not discovered until 1976, cryptosporidiosis is one of the most common waterborne diseases. It can be fatal to those who are already in a vulnerable physical condition, such as pregnant women or anyone with HIV, AIDS, or cancer.

The most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea. However, some experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Those with cryptosporidiosis usually experience symptoms between two and seven days after ingesting contaminated water. Symptoms typically last less than two weeks.

Diarrhoeal parasite spreads through contaminated water

Cryptosporidiosis can be found in any country but is more common in developing countries due to low-quality sanitation facilities and a lack of access to safe water. Cryptosporidiosis makes up 50.8% of parasitical waterborne diseases. In many developing countries, the rate of cryptosporidiosis is exceptionally high, making up 8-19% of all diarrheal diseases.

Unfortunately, there isn’t a failsafe way to treat cryptosporidiosis. The best one can do to drink lots of safe, clean water, replace electrolytes, and get plenty of rest. In severe cases, diarrhea medication and intravenous fluids can be used. However, this isn’t necessary for most people.

Final Say

The most reliable way to avoid cryptosporidiosis is to make sure you don’t ingest contaminated water from any source. Invest in a good water purification system that is failsafe against cryptosporidium and avoid swimming in unsanitary water.

About Water – Filtration and Purification Techniques

by Robert Domanko | Sep 4, 2020 | Water | 1 comment

About Water – Filtration and Purification Techniques

As our most precious resource, water is becoming more and more contamination through man-made pollution, the increase, and severity of the disease, an increase in the ozone layer, deforestation of rain forests. This is evident through the rapid yearly increase in waterborne illness and diseases. Our scientists are working on ways to reverse this cycle through technologies and processes.

To help us understand what is available this section of the web is dedicated to an introduction to water and technologies available for water filtration and or purification

Did you know their is about 5.5 trillion macro and microplastic pieces in out our seas. About 8 million plastic bottles get washed into our oceans each DAY!!

Water Technology Principals

There are a large number of different technologies that can be employed to filter, sterilize, and purify water to make it palatable and safe to drink. Many of these technologies have been around for many years. New technologies and processes are continually being introduced to enhance the quality of water. With pollution, population growth, deforestation, and growing.

Here are some of the mainstream filtration, sterilization, and purification processes;population, water contamination is becoming an increasing problem across the globe.

Here are some of the mainstream filtration, sterilization, and purification processes;

Micro-Filtration
Nano Filtration
Electrochemical
Iodine Disinfection
Chlorine Disinfection
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection
Ultra Violet light

Reverse Osmosis
Granulated Activated Carbon
Distillation
Ozonation
KDF Resin
Solid Carbon Block
Water Boiling

Each of these filtration, purification, and/or sterilization processes can be effective to some degree and have a place for use in particular circumstances. Some of the methods remove bacteria, some also virus’s and some chemicals and pesticides.

When assessing the effectiveness of each of the processes, many considerations need to be assessed. This includes;

Flow rate of the water through the process (for example, in the ionization process, is there sufficient electrical polarisation happening,
Chemical concentrations required to destroy bacteria and cysts,
Light penetration of the technology into the water, for example, for UV purification, does the UV penetrate all the water passing by and for sufficient time.

Water Guidelines and Standards

There are several global organizations and governmental organizations that provide both guidelines and legally enforceable standards regarding water quality and safety. In some countries that are part of the health, others part of the Environment and some completely separate organizations.

All these organizations and governmental organizations have a common agenda of making water safe. They do this by predominately by setting the maximum level of a contaminant, including bacteria, viruses, metals, chemicals, radiological hazards, toxic chemicals, infectious agents, pesticides, herbicides to ensure that the water we drink, swim, and bathe in to be safe. Some of the higher-profile heath water agencies include;

World Health Organisation

World Health Organisation (WHO) Is a United Nations Organization that oversees and manages the UN policies and guidelines concerning any health-related matter, and this includes water.

Environmental Protection Agency

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a regulatory authority aimed at protecting human health and the Environment.

Water Regulations and Guidelines

Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.

WHO Water Guidelines

The WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality is a very comprehensive 668-page document covering areas of water quality targets, management plans, Risk Assessments, Audits, Surveillance, Planning, Affordability, Sanitations, Desalination, Water Harvesting.

About Water

Commonly referred to as H20, Aqua, goldern liquid is one of the most important ingredients to the human race, with the body made up of up to 78%. The globe is covered by over 76% of the water, of which only 12% is drinkable. It can exist in gas, liquid, ubiquitous and solid forms. Water is the only common substance found in these states naturally. Water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

One of the attributes to water is that substances can be dissolved in water (such as minerals), bacteria can grow in water, fish can live in water. Because of this attribute, water is very rarely pure. For humans, pure water is not as ideal as we require mineral and XXX to be included to stay healthy.

The water molecule is very small, measuring only 0.278 Nanometers (0.278 x10-9 m or .000278 x 10-6m or 0.000278 microns)

Molecular Structure

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms weighing 18g/molecule. They are polar covalently bonded together, forming a V-shaped molecule. Water molecules are typically symmetric. Each molecule has a slightly more positive and slightly more negative side.

This is because the water molecules are polar covalently bonded, which is share electrons unequally. Other non-water polar molecules can surround the water molecule.

One interesting fact about water is that unlike many substances, when water is at 4C or less, water stars to expand, meaning that density is less in a frozen state. When water is referred to as hard water, it often means that it contains a higher than average concentration of minerals.

Some of the minerals could be magnesium and calcium.
The water molecule is one of the smallest and lightest around. The compound is simple, with common reactive elements, yet one of the most amazing substances known. Behind Hydrogen H2, Water H2O is the most common molecule.

When in a liquid form, the atoms in water move between other atoms. The atoms are continuously changing due to a process called protonation/deprotonation, staying less than one millisecond.

Spectrum

The graph below shows the size of the molecules when we look at water characteristics.

Micro-Filtration

Microfiltration refers to the process to removes any elements larger than 0.1 to 10 microns (micrometer- m). There are membranes that allow molecules either in a gas or gas form smaller than this to pass through the microscopic membrane. The microfiltration process is fundamentally the same as reverse osmosis. Microfiltration removes all bacteria, protozoa’s, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.

Ultra Filtration

Ultrafiltration refers to the process to removes any elements larger than 0.005 to 0.10 microns (micrometer- m). Some membranes allow molecules either in a gas or gas form smaller than this to pass through the microscopic membrane. The ultrafiltration process is fundamentally the same as reverse osmosis. Ultrafiltration not only filters out what Micro Filtration but as well as viruses.

Nano Filtration

Nanofiltration refers to the process to removes any elements larger than 0.001 to 0.005 microns (micrometer- m). Some membranes allow molecules either in a gas or gas form smaller than this to pass through the microscopic membrane. The nanofiltration process is fundamentally the same as reverse osmosis.

Nanofiltration removes everything ultra filtration plus many nutrient, pesticides, and herbicides. It can remove salts from water, desalination. The process also removes solutes. The filtered water is extremely low of any nutrients below WHO standard guidelines. Nanofiltration only practically operates under high water pressure.

Electrochemical

The electrochemical water purification process refers to when water acts like a conductor when water is between two different elements with different and opposing electrical properties. The water allows charge to be transferred between the two elements, and a spontaneous electrical current is created. The technical term for the reaction is called an oxidation and reduction reaction, Redox. When an element loses electrons, it is called Oxidation, and when an element gains an electron, it is called reduction. When two elements are placed together with a transfer fluid, it is called an electrochemical cell.

As the electrical current passes through the water, the energy from the electrical charge destroys any live bacteria, oocysts, cysts, viruses, and anything else alive.

Many elements can be used to generate this voltaic cell (as opposed to the electrolytic cell where an external electrical supply is provided). These include carbon and zinc.

Electrodialysis

Using Electrodialysis in a water purification situation destroys germs, bacteria, and cysts through is the process of passing electrical energy through the water. It is accomplished by electro-deionization. It is primarily used for saltwater desalination.

Aeration

Aeration, as the name suggests, introduces air into the water, in particular oxygen. The oxygen metabolizes microorganisms, reduce carbon dioxide as well as it removes methane and hydrogen sulfide. It improves the smell of the water, making it good to drink.

Aeration is a particularly good where water has a high iron and manganese content, removing the bitter taste of the water. The Aeration process needs to be used in conjunction with another process to remove harmful bacteria, cysts, and viruses.

Iodine Disinfection

Iodine can be used as a water disinfectant, often referred to as water purification. The chemical iodine has the ability to destroy bacteria, viruses, and cysts at appropriate levels of concentration and sufficient time to contact the microorganisms. At low dosages, iodine is ineffective against Giardia and Cryptosporidium (see WHO guidelines). Iodine requires sufficient contact time with bacteria, viruses, and cysts to destroy. Short contact with iodine may be in effect.

People with thyroid disorders or pregnant women should not use Iodine in water as it has a significant impact. In addition, no one should have more than 5 mg of iodine per week. That’s less than five drops of un-concentrated iodine.

Chlorine Disinfection

Chlorine disinfection refers to the process where chlorine is added into the water with the view of killing bacteria, viruses, protozoa cysts like Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Chlorine is an oxidization agent. The chlorine at drinkable levels destroys harmful bacteria but not Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts.

Chlorine can react to naturally occurring chemicals creating harmful by-products such as chloramine (a dangerous carcinogen).

Often Chlorine is used in conjunction with other chemicals to avoid this carcinogen. Chlorine Dioxide can be used in conjunction to prevent this reaction from occurring.

Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

Chlorine Dioxide, CIO2, has been used for over 100 years to disinfect water. By adding Chlorine Dioxide, a biocide, in water it becomes an oxidant. The by-product of this is chlorite. As an oxidant, it is able to destroy bacteria and cysts. It is often used to improve the taste of water, reduce iron and manganese, and hydrogen sulfide compounds.

There are some low levels of adverse impacts on human health, such as neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity.

Ultra Violet light

When water is exposed to sunlight, it has powerful purification qualities. It is able to eliminate bacteria, microorganisms, cysts, germs, and viruses through a natural process. This process has been around for day one and has been proved effective. It is a natural disinfectant.

The Ultra Violet radiation (UV radiation) of sunlight is the practical disinfection component. The UV wavelength that is most effective in destroying germs is at 254 nanometres. The UV radiation can be simulated by non-natural means.

For UV water purification to be effective, the UV rays need to have the right combination of the length of time, energy levels, and contact to destroy dangerous organisms and germs.

Reverse Osmosis

The reverse osmosis process refers to passing a fluid through a membrane by applying pressure (hydraulic pressure) to remove unwanted material. Reverse osmosis is usually used with clear water. When used in conjunction with water and the appropriate size membrane, it is able to effectively remove bacteria, viruses, cysts, giardia, and cryptosporidium.

It is one of the most used processes to filter/purify water and is used in municipal water plants, commercial buildings, homes as well by the Sure Aquaproduct group.

Forward Osmosis

The forward osmosis process refers to passing a fluid through a membrane without applying pressure (except atmospheric pressure, natural forces) to remove unwanted material. When used in conjunction with water and the appropriate size membrane, it is able to effectively remove bacteria, viruses, cysts, toxins, giardia, and cryptosporidium.

Forward osmosis is used in conjunction with some solute. The solute material is nominally a sugar-based. Forward osmosis is exceptionally effective to be used to purify and range of liquids including saltwater, urine and brackish water.

The drawbacks of this forward osmosis are

It is very slow to filter the water, and
The filtered water may not be suitable for a person with diabetes due to the added sugars

Activated Carbon- Granulated

Activated Carbon is a natural material. It is derived from coal, charcoal, coconut shell, lignite. It is processed into form granules to make it exceptionally porous, creating an enormous surface area that allows either adsorption or chemical reactions. As little as 1 gram of granular activated carbon equates to a surface area of almost 2000 sq meters.

Depending on the sources of the activated carbon made (from where it has been derived), each will have slightly different performance characteristics. For example, bituminous carbon has a higher chlorine absorption, whereas coconut carbon improves the taste of water.

Activated Carbon can also be treated with a specific chemical to use the absorption qualities to destroy bacteria.

With the exceptional porous qualities of the granulated carbon, when water is strained through the granules, any chemicals in the water will “stick” to the carbon surface, making a small film. (Carbon absorption process). This is effective in removing chlorine, benzene, radon, toxaphene, and other natural and man-made compounds.
Water needs to be passed through the slow to allow the surface area to work effectively; otherwise, the efficiency may be as low as 0%.

Other issues with activated carbon are;

Activated Carbon (no form) removes bacteria.
Channeling may occur; that is, water makes a direct path through the granules.

Silver impregnated Granula Activated Carbon

Silver-based Granular Activated Carbon has a minute percentage of silver spray, typically 1-2% of the surface area. The silver is meant to stop bacterial growth.

As water is leached through the granules, the silver becomes prematurely removed into the water supplied.

Distillation

Distillation is the process of heating water until its vapor point and then recondensing the steam into a container. The collected water has all the impurities removed. This water is called distilled water.

Distilled water has virtually no minerals. Humans require some minerals in water for dietary purposes to maintain proper health.

Ozonation

The ozonation process refers to when ozone, O3, is used to purifying water. It is one of the best ways to purify water. Ozone, O3, is an effective oxidizing agent, as it has a very high oxidation potential and has a ½ life of less than 30 minutes, making it very effective in making water pure, odorless, colorless, and safe. Any organisms, microorganisms, bacteria, oocysts, germs, viral DNA (such as smallpox, herpes, and hepatitis) and viral RNA (e.g., measles, mumps, West Nile, rubella, and influenza), heavy metals, and toxins cannot survive when in contact with ozone.

Ozone is a pollutant at ground level being created by hydrocarbons and nitrogens getting into contact with sunlight.

The ozonation process is typically used in large plants as it requires equipment and energy. It is typically used with a filtration system.

KDF Resin

KDF (Kinetic Degradation Fluxion) Resign is a brand name of a product that has been designed to filter water. It uses a copper and zinc alloys that, when water passes through, creates electrochemical oxidation, electrolysis, destroying bacteria. The process is known as “redox.” In this process, electrons are transmitted between molecules, and new elements are created. The old elements of harmful elements are eliminated. For example, chlorine is transformed into chloride. The heavy metals in the water are attracted to the KFD surface due to the electrical potential difference.

The KFD is usually used in conjunction with activated carbon (granular) to remove specific chemicals.

Ceramic Filters

Ceramic filters are a man-made product that is manufactured with a specific designed pores size to allow water filtration, typically 0.5 microns. Ceramic filters can be used in either a forward or reverse osmosis process.

Often silver is used in the ceramic to stop any fungicidal or algaecides or bactericidal growth. As silver is toxic to humans, silver levels must be kept to a minimum. All water filtration systems in the US must be registered with the EPA.

Solid Carbon Block

Solid Carbon Block absorbs viruses nor bacteria and destroying them with “food grade” pesticides or iodine. The pesticide or iodine s is saturated in the Carbon Block. The bacteria and viruses are attracted to the carbon block by “electro-attractive forces.”

Solid carbon blocks do not work well to destroy Protozoa’s cysts, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium.

Water Boiling

Boiling is the most effective in removing bacteria, viruses, and the like out of water provided it is boiled at 100C for at least several minutes.

Comparative Rating of Filtration, purification, and Technologies

The below table provides some guidelines on how effective the technologies are for a portable device when traveling, camping, or required in a disaster or emergency. This assessment takes into the following parameters;

Chemical
Speed of access to water
Portability
Ease of use
Bacteria removal
Cysts removal
Virus remove

Filtration Purification Method

Description

Performance (1-5)
5 being the best

Granulated Activated Carbon

Water passes over the carbon with a slightly electro-positive charge

Distillation

The heating of water to its vapor point

Ozonation

Super oxygenation of water

Reverse Osmosis

A separation process using a semi-permeable membrane

KDF Resin

A filter containing a cartridge filled with zinc and copper to create electrolysis

Ultraviolet

The use of the light process to filter the water

Solid Carbon Block Filters

Combined Carbon Absorption

Membrane Filters

Hollow fiber filters – Portable and commercial water filtration devices

Membrane Filters -Ultra

Hollow fiber filters – Portable and commercial water filtration devices

Chemical Disinfection

The use of chlorine or iodine tablets

Boiled water

Boiling of water in a pot to 100 deg C (except high altitudes)

Final Say

In an economic and environmental climate that forces us to reconsider bottled water, Australian’s are fortunate enough to have the alternative of purchasing reusable bottles.

Australian water is said to be world standard drinking water, but you are encouraged to adopt the use of water filters.

« Older Entries

Next Entries »

Activated Granular Carbon

Activated Granular Carbon: An Ancient Filtration System

Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

Chlorine Dioxide in Water Treatment

Water and Climate Change

Water and Climate Change

What is climate and Climate Change?

What are the causes and consequences of Climate Change?

Shaping a Global Solution

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis

Final Say

About Water – Filtration and Purification Techniques

About Water – Filtration and Purification Techniques

Water Technology Principals

Water Guidelines and Standards

World Health Organisation

Environmental Protection Agency

Water Regulations and Guidelines

WHO Water Guidelines

About Water

Molecular Structure

Spectrum

Micro-Filtration

Ultra Filtration

Nano Filtration

Electrochemical

Electrodialysis

Aeration

Iodine Disinfection

Chlorine Disinfection

Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

Ultra Violet light

Reverse Osmosis

Forward Osmosis

Activated Carbon- Granulated

Silver impregnated Granula Activated Carbon

Distillation

Ozonation

KDF Resin

Ceramic Filters

Solid Carbon Block

Water Boiling

Comparative Rating of Filtration, purification, and Technologies

Final Say

You have Successfully Subscribed!

Recent Posts

Products

Cart

Sure Aqua Community Support

Facebook

Pin It on Pinterest